This tutorials introduces you to the C++ Standard Template Library (STL) including how to use I/O streams, file streams, string streams, strings, vectors, lists, maps, iterators, and algorithms.
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The C++ Standard Template Library
The C++ language is not a simple language. In fact, many would argue it is a somewhat overcomplicated language. Nevertheless it can be used to write beautiful code. On top of that it is so widespread that example code and libraries (free ones, too) are all over the Internet.
To be able to write working programs in C++, you'll need a decent grasp of the subtleties of the language itself. That is not what this article is about. On top of understanding the language, it helps tremendously to be able to use the standard library correctly. That is what this article is about. You'd be surprised how many people program in C++ but ignore most of its features. That is not necessarily a bad way to program, but you can save yourself a lot of work by using all of the language.
A reason many people avoid the standard library are that they are worried about performance. Especially game developers often suffer from a syndrome where they do not trust any code that they can not mentally compile to assembly instructions on the spot. The conveniences of the standard library and all those templates, they think, just can't be fast. In fact, the whole standard library was designed with performance in mind, and often things will compile to code that is just as efficient as a solution you write yourself. Another very common (and somewhat related) reason not to use standard library functionality is that people refuse to use anything they did not program themselves in their programs. While it is very educational to make everything yourself at least once, if you want to be productive you'll have to start using other people's code, it is available and it is well tested.
The most important parts of the C++ standard library are its containers, iterators, the iostream classes and the algorithms. All classes and functions in the standard library are inside the namespace 'std'.
When passing non-trivial objects to functions or returning them you should get in the habit of passing by reference. This is basic C++ stuff but you really must know this to use standard containers. Do take care not to return references to local objects that will vanish when their scope exits. Also, when you do not intend to modify an object, pass it by const reference, that way temporary objects can be passed, the compiler will complain if you try to pass a temporary object by non-const reference.
All examples in this article use code without indicating any function it is in, and to make things worse I write #include at the same level too. I do this mostly to avoid unneccesary clutter and keep the code readable. This is not valid C++ though, if you want to actually compile it add an 'int main(){ ... }' function around the code (not the includes).
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