istory of Bioinformatics
History of Bioinformatics
The Modern bioinformatics is can be classified into two broad categories, Bi ological Science and computational Science . Here is the data of hi storical events for both biology and computer
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science.
Introduction:
The history of biology in general, B.C. and before the discovery of genetic inheritance by G. Mendel in 1865, is extremely sketch and inaccurate. This was the start of Bioinformatics history. Gregor Mendel. is known as the "Father of Genetics". He did experiment on the cross-fertilization of different colors of the same species. He carefully recorded the data and analyzed the data. Mendel illustrated that the inheritance of traits could be more easily explained if it was controlled by factors passed down from generation to generation.
The understanding of genetics has advanced remarkably in the last thirty years. In 1972, Paul berg made the first recombinant DNA molecule using ligase. In that same year, Stanley Cohen, Annie Chang and Herbert Boyer produced the first recombinant DNA organism. In 1973, two important things happened in the field of genomics. The advancement of computing in 1960-70s resulted in the basic methodology of bioinformatics. However, it is the 1990s when the INTERNET arrived when the full fledged bioinformatics field was born.
Here are some of the major events in bioinformatics over the last several decades. The events listed in the list occurred long before the term, "bioinformatics", was coined.
BioInformatics Events
1665
Robert Hooke published Micrographia, described the cellular structure of cork. He also described microscopic examinations of fossilized plants and animals, comparing their microscopic structure to that of the living organisms they resembled. He argued for an organic origin of fossils, and suggested a plausible mechanism for their formation.
1683
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria.
1686
John Ray, John Ray's in his book "Historia Plantarum" catalogued and described 18,600 kinds of plants. His book gave the first definition of species based upon common descent.
1843
Richard Owen elaborated the distinction of homology and analogy.
1864
Ernst Haeckel (Häckel) outlined the essential elements of modern zoological classification.
1865
Gregory Mendel (1823-1884), Austria, established the theory of genetic inheritance.
1902
The chromosome theory of heredity is proposed by Sutton and Boveri, working independently.
1962
Pauling's theory of molecular evolution
1905
The word "genetics" is coined by William Bateson.
1913
First ever linkage map created by Columbia undergraduate Alfred Sturtevant (working with T.H. Morgan).
1930
Tiselius, Uppsala University, Sweden, A new technique, electrophoresis, is introduced by Tiselius for separating proteins in solution. "The moving-boundary method of studying the electrophoresis of proteins" (published in Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis , Ser. IV, Vol. 7, No. 4)
1946
Genetic material can be transferred laterally between bacterial cells, as shown by Lederberg and Tatum.
1952
Alfred Day Hershey and Martha Chase proved that the DNA alone carries genetic information. This was proved on the basis of their bacteriophage research.
1961
Sidney Brenner, François Jacob, Matthew Meselson, identify messenger RNA,
1965
Margaret Dayhoff's Atlas of Protein Sequences
1970
Needleman-Wunsch algorithm
1977
DNA sequencing and software to analyze it (Staden)
1981
Smith-Waterman algorithm developed
1981
The concept of a sequence motif (Doolittle)
1982
GenBank Release 3 made public
1982
Phage lambda genome sequenced
1983
Sequence database searching algorithm (Wilbur-Lipman)
1985
FASTP/FASTN: fast sequence similarity searching
1988
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) created at NIH/NLM
1988
EMBnet network for database distribution
1990
BLAST: fast sequence similarity searching
1991
EST: expressed sequence tag sequencing
1993
Sanger Centre, Hinxton, UK
1994
EMBL European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
1995
First bacterial genomes completely sequenced
1996
Yeast genome completely sequenced
1997
PSI-BLAST
1998
Worm (multicellular) genome completely sequenced
1999
Fly genome completely sequenced
2000
Jeong H, Tombor B, Albert R, Oltvai ZN, Barabasi AL. The large-scale organization of metabolic networks. Nature 2000 Oct 5;407(6804):651-4, PubMed
2000
The genome for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.3 Mbp) is published.
2000
The A. thaliana genome (100 Mb) is secquenced.
2001
The human genome (3 Giga base pairs) is published.
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